African Spirituality The Pivotal Force Of Slave Resistance

â€Å"African Spirituality the Pivotal Force of Slave Resistance† Melvin Herskovits’ 1941 publication The Myth of the Negro Past argues the survival of the African culture and its substantial influence in the lives and history of Africans in the Americas. Furthermore, Sterling Stuckey argues that not only did the African religion and culture survive the Middle Passage, it became a pivotal part of the African identity in the America’s.1With that in mind the role of African spirituality was important to the planning and execution of slave resistance measures such as the Nat Turner Virginia Raid 1831, Denmark Vessey Revolt 1822, Bahia Revolts 1807-1835, Tacky Revolution 1760, and the Haitian Revolution 1791. The Africans brought with them many traditions to the America’s as well as developed many through syncretism between their beliefs and European ideologies. The importance of spiritualty was henceforth reinforced by Europeans through the enacting of laws and the establishment of codes as machines of control.1Therefore, I argue that slave resistances and subsequent revolts of the Tacky Revolution 1736, Bahia Revolts 1807-1835, Haitian Revolution 1791, Nat Turner Virginia Raid 1831, and Denmark Vessey Revolt 1822 used African spirituality as a factor for resistance. Furthermore, I argue that Europeans took extreme measures to distort and remove African spirituality. The Gold Coast was composed of the Asante, Fante and Koromanti groups. They were often grouped together as the

Models of Addiction Essay - 822 Words

Models of Addiction SUBS 505 Models of Addiction The three models of addiction examined in this week’s readings include the medical model, the psychosocial model, and the disease of the human spirit model. The medical model â€Å"rests on the assumption that disease states are the result of a biological dysfunction, possibly one on the cellular or even molecular level† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Many consider this model and â€Å"maintain that much of human behavior is based on the interaction between the individual’s biological predisposition and the environment† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). Individuals under this model view free will â€Å"as an illusion† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 333). There is controversy regarding this model as â€Å"to the degree to which the†¦show more content†¦In considering all the models that propose to offer insight in the factors to consider with addiction, â€Å"each perspective fails to completely explain all of the facets of the SUDs adequately† (Doweiko, 201 2, p. 352). The third model of substance use disorders presented is the disease of the human spirit. This model suggests that as we enter the burdens and trials of life and become ungrounded with pain or voids in our lives we allow ourselves to feel pity and open ourselves up to our inwardly sinful nature. â€Å"It is at this point that some recoil in horror and become spiritual narcissists: self-centered, unwilling to see any reason to deny the â€Å"self† any desire or pleasure† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 357). This model believes that all individuals â€Å"all start out with hope, faith and fortitude† but when exposed to the ills of the world some â€Å"turn to chemicals to fill the perceived void within or to ease their pain† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 361). When considering spiritual bankruptcy and void in the life of an addict, despair comes to mind. When an individual feels despair they are unable to consider anything else but what is happening in the present and often appear desperate. Literature supports that â€Å"people are also spiritual beings who are either actively or passively involved in a relationship with a Higher Being† (Doweiko, 2012, p. 353). When a person is spiritually bankrupt they have lost moral direction and often begin to make poor, self-pleasingShow MoreRelatedAddiction Models988 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance Use Behavior Addiction is regarded as having a multitude of causations and contributing factors. No single specific component or model can accurately predict a person’s substance use behavior (Clinton amp; Scalise, 2013). Substance use disorders are a reflection of the impact of person-specific biological, psychological, and social influences. Understanding an individual’s spiritual beliefs and the role spirituality plays in a person’s susceptibility to addiction is also necessary. If aRead MoreAddiction : The Moral Model Of Addiction Essay2483 Words   |  10 Pagesdoes the disease model of addiction differ from the moral model of addiction? The disease model of addiction and the moral model of addiction provide completely different explanation for the tendency of substance abuse. The disease model of addiction predates to 1784 when the American physician Benjamin Rush published a pamphlet which discussed alcoholism in medical terms and outlined treatments for what he considered was a â€Å"disease† (Atkins, 2014, p. 52). This model of addiction generally arguesRead MoreThe Medical Model Of Addiction1413 Words   |  6 Pages Drug and Alcohol Treatment in America has been based on the Medical Model of Treatment. According to Wikipedia, the medical model of addiction is rooted in the philosophy that addiction is a disease and has biological, neurological, genetic, and environmental sources of origin. Treatment includes potential detox with a 28 day or more stay at a residential treatment facility. The continuum of care can include an additional 28 days at the partial hospitalization level, followed by another 6 weeksRead MoreThe Moral Model Of Addiction2309 Words   |  10 Pagesgreater understanding in the area of causality may produce more effective interventions at earlier stages of drug misuse. Definition addiction/dependence, lots of theories this paper will provide a brief overview of the main theories of addiction in view to their relevance within treatment and recovery issues which will be discussed in later sections. There are many models and theories which attempt to explain the causes of substance misuse and dependence. They range from those which highlight the importanceRead MoreAn Effective Model Of Addiction Rehabilitation996 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the BPS model had been adopted by many professionals and has gained much support as an effective model of addiction rehabilitation, there are still aspects that leave room for the possibility of improvement. The model is based on the idea that many factors can play an equal role in contributing to a disease. Some have criticized the model due to the fact that some diseases involve few psychological or social factors. Although this is rarely the case for addiction counseling, some still believeRead MoreA Comparison of Psychoanalytic Formulations of Addiction and Cognitive Models of Addiction666 Words   |  3 PagesIn this paper I will be comparing and contrasting the Psychoanalytic formulations of addiction and the Cognitive models of add iction. According to Dennis L. Thombs, â€Å"people tend to get psychoanalysis and psychotherapy mixed up. Psychotherapy is a more general term describing professional services aimed at helping individuals or groups overcome emotional, behavioral or relationship problem† (119). According to Thombs and Osborn, â€Å"Cognitive refers to the covert mental process that are described byRead More The Etiology of Addiction Disease Model Essay examples1522 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction is like all behaviours â€Å"the business of the brain†. Addictions are compulsive physical and psychological needs from habit-forming sustenances like nicotine, alcohol, and drugs. Being occupied with or involved in such activities, leads a person who uses them again and again to become tolerant and dependent eventually experiencing withdrawal. (Molintas, 2006). Addictive drugs cause dopamine neurons to release dopamine, the pleasure hormone. The narcotics disable the neurons that wouldRead MoreAddiction : A Serious Problem Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesAddiction is a very serious problem in today’s society. It is the goal of counselors to help those who suffer from addictions. There are many different models that attempt to explain what addiction is, and how someone gets addicted. There many different views about addiction. â€Å"Historically addiction has been understood in various ways- a sin, a disease, a bad habit-each a reflection of a variety of social, cultural and scientific conceptions(Hammer et al., 2012 p. 713). While there are many differentRead MoreTheoretical Concepts. There Are Many Theoretical Concepts1208 Words   |  5 Pages Theoretical concepts There are many theoretical concepts to explain addictions, a few that I see being used in NA and AA meetings is the Disease Model, Social Learning Model, and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. In both of the meetings I attended the members stood up and admitted they are powerless over their addiction. This falls in with the Disease Model. According to the disease model the addiction is in the individual’s brain. Therefore, the addict is â€Å"incapable of controlling their ownRead MoreFriends of Youth and Lakeside Milam Recovery Centers Essay1342 Words   |  6 Pagesvery detailed tour and explanation of their inpatient program. Treatment Treatment for addictions is multivariate. When looking at appropriate treatments it is important to consider the treatment setting, treatment approach, what is important when treating varying age groups, as well as treating addiction and mental health simultaneously. All of these factors play a large part in treating patients with addiction; appropriate treatment may different between patients. Treatment Setting When touring

Differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate Free Essays

House of Representatives is actually a name given to any of the many lawmaking bodies in countries around the world and sub national states. In many countries, House of Representatives is also known as the inferior house of a bicameral government and the parallel upper house is usually known as Senate. Apart from this in other countries, House of Representatives is the one and only meeting room of a unicameral parliament. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate or any similar topic only for you Order Now The performance of the House of Representatives usually varies very much for every country, and it also relies on whether a nation works with a presidential or a parliamentary scheme. People or members of a house of representatives are classically apportioned with respect to the population rather than appointing them geography. House of Representatives is the name given to most of the lower houses of United States state legislatures apart from some, that are known as State Assembly and also by some it is called the House of Delegates. According to apartheid the House of Representatives was the dwelling for South Africa’s varied race colored society during the Tricameral Parliament that ranged from 1984 to 1994. Apart from this In the Austrian part Cisleithania of Austria Hungary most people know the lower house as the Abgeordnetenhaus which is also generally acknowledged in English as House of Representatives (Boyle and Chinkin, 2007). Most of the developed self governing states with bicameral parliamentary nature are sometimes prepared with a senate for the country frequently illustrious from a usual parallel lower house basically known variously as the House of Representatives. It is also known by some other names that we would present here House of Commons, Chamber of Deputies, National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, or House of Assembly, by electoral rules. This may comprise of a minimum age necessary for the people and candidate, relative or greater part or plurality structure. Characteristically the senate is also referred to as being the upper house and has a less important association as compared to the lower house. In many other states senates are also present at the sub national stage. United States of America has all states apart from Nebraska having a state senate. Australia has all its states except for Queensland that have an upper house which is identified as a lawmaking committee. There are a number of Canadian provinces that once had a number of governmental councils but now they are not present as they were abolished the last one to survive was Quebec’s Legislative Council, during 1968. Senate association can be acknowledged through elections or activities. Taking a simple example, elections are conducted after every three years for the membership of the Australian Senate but only half of the people as compared to the people of the Canadian Senate are hired by Governor General honestly upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. Taking care of the office and performing their operations until they walk out, or are detached from the Senate the last option is of a retirement. In bigger nations the senate frequently acts as a balancing effect thought providing a bigger share of power to places or groups of people, which would be besieged beneath severely accepted apportionment. To conclude this essay I would like to mention the fact that House of Representatives and Senate are two different entities and carry many different aspects with them. Though they are from the same line of bodies that is law making legislatures but they have a different level in terms of power and importance. How to cite Differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate, Papers

Tenders Law Legal

Question: Alex has decided to try and sell his car by parking it outside his house with a notice on the windscreen stating: For sale. Pristine example-one owner SGD60,000.00 or near offer. Please call number 38 or telephone 567552525, only.On Monday at 9am, Joshua sees the car, but as he is late for work he is unable to stop. He telephones Alex from work and makes an offer of SGD55,000.00 which Alex says he will consider.Michael calls Alexs house on Monday at 11.00am but Mary, Alexs daughter, is the only person there. He therefore leaves a note reading: Monday 11.05am. Please keep car for me-here is a cheque for SGD60,000.00 Michael. Mary leaves the note on Alexs desk in his study. On Monday afternoon, Alex decides to accept Joshuas offer and posts a letter at 2.30pm to Joshuas business address saying: I agree to sell on your terms. Because of the lower price cay you pay in cash?At 4.30pm on Monday, Alex reads Michaels acceptance and immediately telephones Joshuas business address, leaving a m essage on the recorded answering machine: Ignore the letter you will receive-deal off. Alex.Joshua is away on business and only listens to the tape on Wednesday evening. At 2.15pm on Monday, Lizzy sees the notice and hurriedly posts a letter of acceptance and cheque for SGD60,000 in time for the 3.00pm postal collection. Unfortunately, as Lizzy misaddress her letter, it only arrives on Friday. Questions: Advise each party as to their legal position.Which of the above cases are related to the Tenders Law Answer: Case discussion The initial advertisement regarding sale of the car should not be considered an offer but is rather invitation to treat i.e. it is an invitation to the interested buyers to make an offer that are preferably in the indicated price range of about SGD 60,000 (DrukkerSolicitors, 2015). These offers need to be intimated through the phone number mentioned in the advertisement and then based on these offers, Alex can grant an acceptance to one of these offers that would result in a contract being sealed between Alex and the offeree (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Joshua telephones Alex and makes an offer for the car and was willing to pay SGD 50,000 for the car. This offer was made on Monday morning (before 11 am) to which Alex did not provide acceptance or rejection and conveyed that he would consider the offer. On the same day at 11:05, Michael also extends a offer of SGD 60,000 by calling Alexs home and conveying the same to his daughter. Alexs daughter left a note for Alex regarding the same but he did not read it till evening 4:30 on the same day. Hence, on Monday Alex has received two offers one from Joshua and another from Michael. However, at 2:30 pm on Monday, Alex decided to communicate acceptance to Joshua offer through a letter. But an additional clause was added with regards to the payment being made in cash that makes the acceptance conditional and hence becomes a counter offer (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Further, on the same day at 4: 30 pm when Alex read Michaels offer, he communicated to Joshua regarding the counter offer as not valid which was read by Johsua only on Wednesday. Besides, Lizzy at 2: 15 pm sends the letter of acceptance with SGD 60,000 cheque which was received by Alex only on Friday. Legal positions Joshua Alex made a counter offer since acceptance was conditional to the payment being in cash and withdrew the offer at 4:30 pm on Monday before Joshua could express his acceptance or rejection (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Hence, there is no contract with Joshua with regards to the car. Lizzy Lizzy made an offer of SGD 60,000 at 2:15 pm on Monday but the same was communicated to Alex only on Friday and since he was not aware of the offer since there was no other communication, hence without Alexs acceptance there would not be any legal contrReferencesact between Lizzy and Alex. Michael Michael has made an offer of SDG 60,000 to Alex, that was received by him at 4:30 pm on Monday and it is likely that Alex would provide acceptance to Michael since that seems to be the main reason for withdrawing the offer made to Joshua. Hence, a legal and enforceable contract is sealed between Michael and Alex assuming the Alexs acceptance is unconditional (Gibson Fraser, 2014). Tenders Law The case of Lizzy is driven by Tenders Law since she makes an offer to the Alex with regards to the car. Further, the initial offer made by both Joshua and Michael also fall within the ambit of tenders law (DrukkerSolicitors, 2015). References DrukkerSolicitors 2015, Invitation to treat, Drukker Solicitors, Available online from https://www.drukker.co.uk/publications/reference/invitation-to-treat/#.VpTbWLZ97IU (Accessed on January 12, 2015) Gibson, A Fraser, D 2014. Business Law, 8th edn, Pearson Publications, Sydney